08-Objectives Population & The Big Picture

Objectives/Guides Questions 07
Environmental Science
Title: Population

1.
Describe with detail the three general patterns of population distribution (or dispersion) in a habitat. Which of them is the most commonly exhibited population dispersion pattern in nature? Explain why. What affects the size of a species' population? What is biotic potential? What factors will increase biotic potential? Describe carrying capacity. What happens to biodiversity when a population overshoots the environment's carrying capacity? What happens to a poulation's biotic potential when a population reaches carrying capacity? Is the ecological effect of a population increase or environmental resistance felt instantly? p. 86-88, 96

2. Compare an S shaped growth curve with a J shaped growth curve, and describe the factors that produce these curves. Which species will demonstrate each type of curve and under what conditions? Distinguish between exponential growth and logistic growth of a population and provide an example of each. When do population crashes occur? What happens to many large mammal species that have long generation times and low reporoductive rates?    86-88

3
Describe the progress that Curitibia, Brazil has made in becoming an ecocity. If you visited Curitibia what would you find?   p 118.

4. What major factors allowed the human population to increase in the last 200 years? p 95 By how many people does the world population increase each day? p 96 Why do people oppose population control? How many people are estimated to live in acute poverty today in developing countries? How is the population change in a particlar area (or country) in a particular year calculated?   Define the crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) . p. 98 Describe the total fertility rate. p. 98 Describe how fertility rate affects population growth. What is the actual average replacement level fertility for the whole world? p. 98 Describe the factors that affect birth rates and fertility rates, and the factors that affect death rate. p. 99 - 100 For how long has the birth rate in the U.S. been at or below the replacement level? p. 98

5. What are the two useful indicators of the overall health of people in a country or region? p. 100 What is the best single measure of a society's quality of life?  p. 100 Describe infant mortality rate. p. 100 How many countries have lower infant mortality rates than the U.S.? What are the reasons for a high infant mortality rate? What is the infant mortality rate in the U.S. and identify four countries that have lower infant mortality rates than the U.S. page. 100 and https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html Select the country of interest from the pull down list, and then click on PEOPLE (on the right hand side of the screen). Scroll down to infant mortality.

6.
Legal and Illegal immigration accounts for what percentage of the U.S. population growth? p 100-101

7. Describe the population age structure diagrams in great detail. p. 102-103 How is population size affected by the percentage of males and females at each age level? How can age structure diagrams be used to make population and economic projections? Describe, with detail, the differences in the age structure diagrams of a developed country and a developing country.    p. 102 Study the figure 6-6, p 102 very well. Very detailed questions concerning these diagrams will be asked on the quiz.

8. What is a demographic transition? What does it explain? Describe the four stages of the demographic transition. How do developed and developing countries differ regarding the current positions in the demographic transition? When is it possible for a country to become caught in a demographic trap? 104-105

9.
What suggestions have been put forth to help make family planning efforts even more successful? When do women tend to have fewer children? Describe women's employment/economic status. How much of the world's land do women possess? How much of the world's income do they receive? What drives people in India to have more children? Describe the populations of India and China. What success have India and China had in slowing population growth? Describe, with detail, the methods used by each country to slow the growth. p 104-107

10. Describe the five major trends for understanding the problems and challenges of urban growth? What is a megacity? How many megacities are there on the planet today? What is a hyper city? p137

11.
Describe the four phases of population shift in the U.S. What causes urban growth in developing countries? Where is the U.S. population shifting to? Since the 1920's urban areas in the U.S. have seen improvements in what areas? 108 Describe Urban Sprawl.   What are the benefits of urban sprawl? What are the undesirable consequences of urban sprawl?    p 109 Urban populations occupy how much of Earth's land area? How much of it's resources do they consume? p 111 What are the benefits of urbanization? Describe the disadvantages of urban areas. Describe the climate conditions in urban areas. What is a heat island? p 112

12.
Describe fecal snow and the problems associated with it. What city is affected by fecal snow? Breathing the air in Mexico City is like smoking how many packs of cigarettes per day? p113

13. Describe dispersed and compact cities. Because of urban sprawl and convenience, passenger vehicles account for what percentage of all urban transportation in the U.S.? What percentage of Americans drive to work alone?   What are the advantages and disadvantages of motor vehicles?    Each year, how many people are killed worldwide in motor vehicles? How many are killed in the U.S. annually?   p 114 Describe full cost pricing. p 14-115 How do transportation systems shape urban areas and growth, and what are the pros and cons of various forms of transportation?   p 114-115

14.
Describe smart growth and the smart growth (urbanism) tools. Describe ecocities. How can cities be made more sustainable and more desirable places to live?   Which cities in the U.S. are attempting to be more livable and environmentally sustainable? What role do plants and trees play in an ecocity? p 117-118

15.
As a consequence of the reintroduction of the grey wolf into Yellowstone National Park and northern Idaho, what other wild species have made a comeback? Reintroduction of the wolf eventually reduced attacks on domestic cattle by what other species? The grey wolf is known as what kind of species? p 193

16.
**How have human activities affected the earth's biodiversity? Provide examples.  In the 30 year interval from 1970 - 2000, what percentage of species in tropical grasslands dropped because of conversion to croplands and urban areas? The national seafood consumption of 91 countries has exceeded the biological capacity of the waters under their control to supply their citizens. Name three of the countries. Why should we care about biodiversity? P. 157-159 Describe intrinsic and instrumental value. Why is biodiversity one of the most important forms of natural capital? p. 157-159

17. Why are bird species such good environmental indicators? The greatest decline of birds has occurred in which group? p 160-161

18.
How do biologists estimate extinction rates, and how do human activities affect these rates? p. 153 - 155 The current rate of extinction is at least how many times the rate that existed before humans arrived on Earth? p. 153-154 Describe endangered species, threatened species, locally extinct, ecologically extinct, and biologically extinct. p. 69 Be able to provide animal species examples for each category.    Describe the species area relationship. p. 154 What makes a species prone to extinction? p. 155 Which species are expected to increase in a world with degraded and simplified habitats? p. 155 Why is the blue whale prone to extinction? p. 172

19.
Why should we care about preventing species extinction? How many ecotourist dollars will a male lion, living to age 7 years, generate? p. 159 Describe wild species instrumental value. p. 157

20. What are the causes of extinction and reducing in wild species' populations? What is the greatest threat to most species? The greatest eliminator of species is the destruction of which habitat? p 159 Describe a habitat island and habitat fragmentation. p 159-160 What fraction of the species on the U.S. official list of endangered and threatened species are threatened by nonnative species?   p 162 What are the benefits of the Japanese Kudzu vine? p 162 Describe the Argentina Fire ant, and what damage can they do? p 164 What are the basic causes of depletion and premature extinction of wild species? p 166 The international illegal trade in wildlife earns smugglers how much money hourly/annually? p 167   What are the consequences of importing exotic birds for households? p 168   Poaching of exotic species for profit has depleted which populations? p 167-168

21. Describe CITES? p 169 What are its limitations? p 169-170. Describe the Convention on Biological Diversity. Describe the Endangered Species Act of 1973. p 170 What can Americans not do to animals listed as endangered or threatened? Over the last quarter century, the number of species listed in the U.S. as threatened or endangered has increased about ten times. p 170 Wildlife refuges protects which group of animals the most? p 173 How many individuals are needed for an endangered species to maintain its capacity for biological evolution? p 174

Key Terms:
Chapter 5: clumps, patches, age structure, immigration, emigration, biotic potential, intrinsic rate of increase, environmental reisistance, carrying capacity, logistic growth, exponential, J curve, S curve, overshoot, dieback,

Chapter 6: ecocity, population change, fertility, mortality, migration, fertility rate, replacement fertility level fertility rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, undernutrition, malnutrition, environmentla refugees, age structure, prereproductive, reproductive, postreproductive, baby boomers, demographic transition, family planning, megacities (megalopolis), hypercities, urban, urban growth, urbanized, urban sprawl, urban heat islands, fecal snow, compact cities, dispersed cities, full cost pricing, smart growth, urban tools.

Chapter 8: keystone species, biodiversity, instrinsic value, instrumental value, existence value, aesthetic value, bequest value, use value

Chapter 9:   environmental indicator, passenger pigeon, endagered species, threatened species, local extinction, ecological extinction, biological extinction, extinction rate, species area relationship, instrumental value, eco-tourism, HIPPCO, habitat island, habitat fragmentation, nonnative species, kudzu vine, CITES, CBD, Endangered Species Act, refuge, reconciliation ecology

A possibly useful website: www.pop.org

Last Updated: Sunday, 05 December 2010 16:17:16

	1.	Describe with detail the three general patterns of population distribution (or dispersion) in a habitat. Which of them is the most commonly exhibited population dispersion pattern in nature? Explain why. What affects the size of a species' population? What is biotic potential? What factors will increase biotic potential? Describe carrying capacity. What happens to biodiversity when a population overshoots the environment's carrying capacity? What happens to a poulation's biotic potential when a population reaches carrying capacity? Is the ecological effect of a population increase or environmental resistance felt instantly? p. 86-88, 96
	2.	Compare an S shaped growth curve with a J shaped growth curve, and describe the factors that produce these curves. Which species will demonstrate each type of curve and under what conditions? Distinguish between exponential growth and logistic growth of a population and provide an example of each. When do population crashes occur? What happens to many large mammal species that have long generation times and low reporoductive rates? 86-88
	3	Describe the progress that Curitibia, Brazil has made in becoming an ecocity. If you visited Curitibia what would you find? p 118.
	4.	What major factors allowed the human population to increase in the last 200 years? p 95 By how many people does the world population increase each day? p 96 Why do people oppose population control? How many people are estimated to live in acute poverty today in developing countries? How is the population change in a particlar area (or country) in a particular year calculated? Define the crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) . p. 98 Describe the total fertility rate. p. 98 Describe how fertility rate affects population growth. What is the actual average replacement level fertility for the whole world? p. 98 Describe the factors that affect birth rates and fertility rates, and the factors that affect death rate. p. 99 - 100 For how long has the birth rate in the U.S. been at or below the replacement level? p. 98
	5.	What are the two useful indicators of the overall health of people in a country or region? p. 100 What is the best single measure of a society's quality of life? p. 100 Describe infant mortality rate. p. 100 How many countries have lower infant mortality rates than the U.S.? What are the reasons for a high infant mortality rate? What is the infant mortality rate in the U.S. and identify four countries that have lower infant mortality rates than the U.S. page. 100 and https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html Select the country of interest from the pull down list, and then click on PEOPLE (on the right hand side of the screen). Scroll down to infant mortality.
	6.	Legal and Illegal immigration accounts for what percentage of the U.S. population growth? p 100-101
	7.	Describe the population age structure diagrams in great detail. p. 102-103 How is population size affected by the percentage of males and females at each age level? How can age structure diagrams be used to make population and economic projections? Describe, with detail, the differences in the age structure diagrams of a developed country and a developing country. p. 102 Study the figure 6-6, p 102 very well. Very detailed questions concerning these diagrams will be asked on the quiz.
	8.	What is a demographic transition? What does it explain? Describe the four stages of the demographic transition. How do developed and developing countries differ regarding the current positions in the demographic transition? When is it possible for a country to become caught in a demographic trap? 104-105
	9.	What suggestions have been put forth to help make family planning efforts even more successful? When do women tend to have fewer children? Describe women's employment/economic status. How much of the world's land do women possess? How much of the world's income do they receive? What drives people in India to have more children? Describe the populations of India and China. What success have India and China had in slowing population growth? Describe, with detail, the methods used by each country to slow the growth. p 104-107
	10.	Describe the five major trends for understanding the problems and challenges of urban growth? What is a megacity? How many megacities are there on the planet today? What is a hyper city? p137
	11.	Describe the four phases of population shift in the U.S. What causes urban growth in developing countries? Where is the U.S. population shifting to? Since the 1920's urban areas in the U.S. have seen improvements in what areas? 108 Describe Urban Sprawl. What are the benefits of urban sprawl? What are the undesirable consequences of urban sprawl? p 109 Urban populations occupy how much of Earth's land area? How much of it's resources do they consume? p 111 What are the benefits of urbanization? Describe the disadvantages of urban areas. Describe the climate conditions in urban areas. What is a heat island? p 112
	12.	Describe fecal snow and the problems associated with it. What city is affected by fecal snow? Breathing the air in Mexico City is like smoking how many packs of cigarettes per day? p113
	13.	Describe dispersed and compact cities. Because of urban sprawl and convenience, passenger vehicles account for what percentage of all urban transportation in the U.S.? What percentage of Americans drive to work alone? What are the advantages and disadvantages of motor vehicles? Each year, how many people are killed worldwide in motor vehicles? How many are killed in the U.S. annually? p 114 Describe full cost pricing. p 14-115 How do transportation systems shape urban areas and growth, and what are the pros and cons of various forms of transportation? p 114-115
	14.	Describe smart growth and the smart growth (urbanism) tools. Describe ecocities. How can cities be made more sustainable and more desirable places to live? Which cities in the U.S. are attempting to be more livable and environmentally sustainable? What role do plants and trees play in an ecocity? p 117-118
	15.	As a consequence of the reintroduction of the grey wolf into Yellowstone National Park and northern Idaho, what other wild species have made a comeback? Reintroduction of the wolf eventually reduced attacks on domestic cattle by what other species? The grey wolf is known as what kind of species? p 193
	16.	**How have human activities affected the earth's biodiversity? Provide examples. In the 30 year interval from 1970 - 2000, what percentage of species in tropical grasslands dropped because of conversion to croplands and urban areas? The national seafood consumption of 91 countries has exceeded the biological capacity of the waters under their control to supply their citizens. Name three of the countries. Why should we care about biodiversity? P. 157-159 Describe intrinsic and instrumental value. Why is biodiversity one of the most important forms of natural capital? p. 157-159
	17.	Why are bird species such good environmental indicators? The greatest decline of birds has occurred in which group? p 160-161
	18.	How do biologists estimate extinction rates, and how do human activities affect these rates? p. 153 - 155 The current rate of extinction is at least how many times the rate that existed before humans arrived on Earth? p. 153-154 Describe endangered species, threatened species, locally extinct, ecologically extinct, and biologically extinct. p. 69 Be able to provide animal species examples for each category. Describe the species area relationship. p. 154 What makes a species prone to extinction? p. 155 Which species are expected to increase in a world with degraded and simplified habitats? p. 155 Why is the blue whale prone to extinction? p. 172
	19.	Why should we care about preventing species extinction? How many ecotourist dollars will a male lion, living to age 7 years, generate? p. 159 Describe wild species instrumental value. p. 157
	20.	What are the causes of extinction and reducing in wild species' populations? What is the greatest threat to most species? The greatest eliminator of species is the destruction of which habitat? p 159 Describe a habitat island and habitat fragmentation. p 159-160 What fraction of the species on the U.S. official list of endangered and threatened species are threatened by nonnative species? p 162 What are the benefits of the Japanese Kudzu vine? p 162 Describe the Argentina Fire ant, and what damage can they do? p 164 What are the basic causes of depletion and premature extinction of wild species? p 166 The international illegal trade in wildlife earns smugglers how much money hourly/annually? p 167 What are the consequences of importing exotic birds for households? p 168 Poaching of exotic species for profit has depleted which populations? p 167-168
	21.	Describe CITES? p 169 What are its limitations? p 169-170. Describe the Convention on Biological Diversity. Describe the Endangered Species Act of 1973. p 170 What can Americans not do to animals listed as endangered or threatened? Over the last quarter century, the number of species listed in the U.S. as threatened or endangered has increased about ten times. p 170 Wildlife refuges protects which group of animals the most? p 173 How many individuals are needed for an endangered species to maintain its capacity for biological evolution? p 174

		Key Terms: Chapter 5: clumps, patches, age structure, immigration, emigration, biotic potential, intrinsic rate of increase, environmental reisistance, carrying capacity, logistic growth, exponential, J curve, S curve, overshoot, dieback, Chapter 6: ecocity, population change, fertility, mortality, migration, fertility rate, replacement fertility level fertility rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, undernutrition, malnutrition, environmentla refugees, age structure, prereproductive, reproductive, postreproductive, baby boomers, demographic transition, family planning, megacities (megalopolis), hypercities, urban, urban growth, urbanized, urban sprawl, urban heat islands, fecal snow, compact cities, dispersed cities, full cost pricing, smart growth, urban tools. Chapter 8: keystone species, biodiversity, instrinsic value, instrumental value, existence value, aesthetic value, bequest value, use value Chapter 9: environmental indicator, passenger pigeon, endagered species, threatened species, local extinction, ecological extinction, biological extinction, extinction rate, species area relationship, instrumental value, eco-tourism, HIPPCO, habitat island, habitat fragmentation, nonnative species, kudzu vine, CITES, CBD, Endangered Species Act, refuge, reconciliation ecology


		A possibly useful website: www.pop.org